henry refers to a lamp that guides him. what is this lamp
Advisor: Robert A. Ferguson, George Edward Woodberry Professor in Law, Literature and Criticism, Columbia University, National Humanities Center Boyfriend
Copyright National Humanities Center, 2015
What arguments, appeals, and rhetorical strategies did Patrick Henry use in 1775 to persuade reluctant members of the 2d Virginia Convention to develop a military response to British aggression?
Understanding
In 1775 American independence was non a foregone conclusion. While in that location had been unrest and resistance in Massachusetts with scattered acts of support from other areas, no organized movement toward revolution existed across the Colonies. Virginia ranked among the largest, wealthiest, and virtually populous colonies in 1775, and her political and military back up for independence would be crucial for success. In this oral communication Patrick Henry (1736–1799) uses powerful rhetoric to convince influential, affluent, landed men of Virginia with much to lose to move past their current diplomatic posture opposing British aggression to the more than treasonous i of open military preparedness.
Patrick Henry, 1736–1799
Text
Patrick Henry, speech to the Virginia Convention, March 23, 1775.
Text Type
Speech, non-fiction.
Text Complexity
Grade 11-CCR complication band.
For more than information on text complication see these resources from achievethecore.org.
In the Text Analysis department, Tier ii vocabulary words are defined in pop-ups, and Tier 3 words are explained in brackets.
Click here for standards and skills for this lesson.
X
Common Cadre State Standards
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.eleven-12.i (cite evidence to clarify specifically and by inference)
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.4 (determine the significant of words and phrases)
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.6 (determine author's betoken of view)
Advanced Placement United states of america History
- Key Concept 3.1 (IIB) (arguments most rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual,…)
Teacher'southward Notation
In this lesson students volition deconstruct Patrick Henry'south famous speech to explore the tools of effective persuasion, including appeals, rhetorical strategies, and classical argument. This is a persuasive speech, 1 intended not merely to present an argument but too to persuade the audience to deed. While the speech tin can be used to investigate problems of liberty, power, and rights of the governed, this lesson focuses upon effective rhetoric. The speech includes several Biblical allusions — revolutionary rhetoricians often used Biblical references considering it allowed them to speak more strongly against Britain without using overtly treasonous speech.
The text of this voice communication is well known; less well known is the fact that in that location was no actual transcript created of Henry's speech — afterwards all, these discussions smacked of treason, and keeping a written tape would take been dangerous. In an environs of digital media and world-wide instant communication, students may wonder how Henry'southward words were preserved. This speech was recreated in 1817 by William Wirt of Maryland, who published the first biography of Patrick Henry. Wirt drew upon materials nerveless showtime in 1808, including interviews with those who knew Henry and those who were present when the speech was delivered. For an electronic version of Wirt's book, visit this link: Sketches of the Life and Graphic symbol of Patrick Henry.
The provenance of the speech even so, Henry's words provide a rich source to report rhetorical strategies and classical argument, and that study is the focus of this lesson. This text divides into iv sections aligned to the arrangement of classical argument.
- The first 2 paragraphs course the introduction (Exordium). The Exordium attempts to engage the audience, to prepare them for the bulletin to come up, and to explicate the purpose (thesis) of the voice communication.
- The third paragraph provides the statement of fact (Narratio) and argument (Confirmatio). The Narratio contextualizes the statement, presenting any background information necessary, while the Confirmatio explains the evidence that supports the thesis.
- The fourth paragraph presents and refutes counter arguments (Refutatio).
- The concluding paragraph forms the conclusion (Peroratio). The Peroratio serves several purposes: to restate an argument, to amplify reasoning, to inspire an audience, and to rouse emotional responses.
Each paragraph is accompanied by a number of shut reading questions designed to invite pupil analysis in four major areas: classical statement structure, diction and syntax, rhetorical strategies, and argumentative appeals (logos, ethos, and pathos).
This lesson is divided into 2 parts, both accessible below. The teacher'south guide includes a groundwork annotation, the text analysis with responses to the close reading questions, access to the interactive exercises, and a follow-upward assignment. The student's version, an interactive PDF, contains all of the in a higher place except the responses to the close reading questions and the follow-up assignment.
Teacher's Guide (continues below)
| Educatee Version (click to open)
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Teacher's Guide
Background
Background Questions
- What kind of text are we dealing with?
- When was it written?
- Who wrote information technology?
- For what audience was it intended?
- For what purpose was it written?
In 1775 unrest bubbled through the American Colonies. United kingdom had severely restricted Massachusetts through the Intolerable Acts; towns were voting to boycott British goods, and British soldiers were condign a common sight in the American Colonies. In this lesson you lot volition explore a famous speech by Patrick Henry (1736–1799), member of the Second Virginia Convention. Patrick Henry is non speaking in the Virginia Business firm of Burgesses [the state legislature] in Williamsburg because it had been dissolved the year earlier by Royal Governor Dunmore. Resenting this British interference with local regime, the members of the House of Burgesses regrouped as a state convention. In gild to avoid any interference from British troops, the Second Convention of approximately 120 delegates met in Richmond, Virginia, from March twenty through March 27.
The American Colonies were attempting to negotiate with British in 1775, and many of Henry's fellow delegates wanted to await until these negotiations were completed before taking activity. But Henry felt that filibuster would be a major mistake. On March 23, 1775, he asked the Virginia Convention to accept a defensive stance immediately against Great britain by raising an armed visitor in every Virginia county — an action considered by many to exist open treason. His speech reflected language and actions far more radical that his fellow delegates were willing to go in public, but Henry based his asking upon the assumption that even more aggressive armed forces actions by the British would soon follow. Twenty-seven days after this oral communication was delivered the Battles of Lexington and Concord proved Henry right.
In this lesson you volition await at Patrick Henry'south voice communication and analyze his methods for disarming his swain members of the Virginia Convention to accept a military opinion against the British. These delegates were wealthy and powerful and they had much to lose; Henry's request was a large decision that many of them were reluctant to make. Henry used not just rhetorical devices merely also the strategies of classical argument, making a potentially disruptive state of affairs unproblematic and straightforward as he attempted to move all his fellow delegates toward the same result. His recommendations were accustomed by the Convention.
The speech divides into the four parts of a classical argument, divers below. As y'all clarify the private parts of the speech, wait also for how these parts of the statement work together.
- The starting time ii paragraphs form the introduction (Exordium). The Exordium attempts to appoint the audition, preparing them for the message to come, and to explain the purpose (thesis) of the speech.
- The 3rd paragraph provides the argument of fact (Narratio) and argument (Confirmatio). The Narratio contextualizes the argument, presenting any background information necessary, while the Confirmatio lays out in order the prove to support the thesis.
- The fourth paragraph presents and refutes counter arguments (Refutatio).
- The final paragraph forms the conclusion (Peroratio). The Peroratio may perform several purposes: to restate an argument, to amplify reasoning, to inspire an audition, and to rouse emotional responses.
Text Analysis
Paragraph 1: Exordium
Close Reading Questions
Activity: Vocabulary
Acquire definitions past exploring how words are used in context.
1. The first paragraph of classical argument, the exordium, seeks to engage the audition and prepare them to hear the speaker's bulletin. Give an case in this paragraph of an effort to engage the audition and an instance of an attempt to gear up the audience.
Henry seeks to engage his audience by showing his respect for them. He recognizes and compliments the patriotism and abilities of the other members of the Convention in his first sentence (note that Henry continues to address the body as the House). He prepares his audience by expresses the promise that they volition show him the aforementioned respect when he states in sentence 2, "I hope it will not exist idea disrespectful…" Even though he will be speaking contrary to what has been previously presented, he reminds his audition that they are all colleagues by referring to the entire group, every bit in judgement 6, "we can hope to arrive at the truth."
2. Some other function of the exordium is to explain the purpose of the speech. What purpose does Henry constitute, and to what is he highly-seasoned in order to emphasize this purpose?
The purpose of the debate, of which this spoken communication is a part, is to "go far at truth" and fulfill the "great responsibility which we hold to God and our state" (sentence 6). He is appealing to the ethical integrity of his audience by articulating their earthly and heavenly responsibilities.
three. Why does Henry use the term "gentlemen" twice in the starting time two sentences?
In order for others to accept a dissimilar idea, they must first believe they are existence respected. Henry seeks to institute his respect for those who do not agree with him past referring to them equally gentlemen. In improver, Henry is hoping to imply that since he is too a member of the Convention that they will give him and his ideas the same respect.
4. Why does Henry brainstorm the second sentence with "merely"?
This is a rhetorical shift in perspective that helps to prepare his audience. Even though he is a member of the Convention, he uses a rhetorical shift to explain that what he will say from that indicate on will be different than that heard before.
5. In sentence 3 what does Henry mean when he says, "this is no time for ceremony"? Why does he use the term "ceremony"?
He means this is no fourth dimension to merely say things because they might sound conciliatory, since ceremonies are oftentimes for visual brandish rather than actual action. He is emphasizing the time-sensitive nature of this debate and establishing the importance of immediate, serious discussion rather than a postponement of the issue (call up that some members of the Convention wished to wait until negotiations had run their form earlier beginning military preparedness).
6. What does Henry hateful past "atrocious moment" in sentence iv? Why does he use this phrase?
He means that the question under word is extremely important with potentially life-irresolute consequences. He is recognizing the treasonable nature of this discussion, displaying not only his own courage just asking his fellow delegates to show courage also.
7. In judgement 5, when Henry states, "I consider it equally nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery," he commits a logical fallacy. The false dichotomy (either-or) fallacy gives merely 2 options with no choices in between, and Henry uses this intentionally. Why?
Past eliminating other options he is focusing his argument. He wants the listeners to sympathize that there are only two options; liberty, which he is advocating, or slavery, which he knows these proud, wealthy men, many of whom are slaveholders, will not tolerate.
viii. In judgement 7 Henry argues on the ground of "ethos," which is Greek for "grapheme." Such an argument is called an "ethical appeal." It attempts to win over listeners on the basis of the trustworthiness of the speaker. How, in this sentence, does Henry suggest that his listeners tin trust him?
By appealing to religion every bit he calls upon the "majesty of heaven," Henry makes an ethical (ethos) appeal that his audience will understand intellectually and emotionally. The Convention members consider themselves to exist men of integrity and ethics, as Henry acknowledged in sentence i. In sentence 7 Henry is request them to understand that he too is compelled to speak based on his own sense of integrity (if he holds back, he would consider himself "guilty of treason"). He reminds his audience that he, like them, is a laic and is trustworthy.
9. How does the ethical appeal in sentence vii chronicle to the ethical appeal in sentence 1?
In sentence 1 Henry acknowledges the patriotism of the members of the House who have but spoken. In sentence seven he enumerates his ain ethics, stating that he must speak now or be guilty of both treason to his country and disloyalty to the "majesty of heaven." This reaffirms his trustworthiness with his audience.
MR. PRESIDENT: (1) No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, too as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have but addressed the Business firm. (2) But different men often come across the same subject in unlike lights; and, therefore, I hope it will not exist thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining every bit I do, opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely, and without reserve. (3) This is no fourth dimension for ceremony. (4) The question before the House is one of awful moment to this country. (5) For my own part, I consider information technology equally nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the debate. (vi) Information technology is only in this style that we can hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibleness which we hold to God and our country. (7) Should I proceed back my opinions at such a time, through fear of giving offence, I should consider myself equally guilty of treason towards my land, and of an act of disloyalty toward the majesty of heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings.
Statue of Patrick Henry, Richmond, Virginia.
Paragraph 2: Exoridum, connected
Close Reading Questions
10. In this second paragraph of the exordium, Henry works to explain the importance and timeliness of his argument by setting upward a contrast between illusions and truth in sentences viii and 12. According to Henry, which volition his argument contain and which will information technology Non contain?
He states that it is "natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope" but in the last sentence of the paragraph he clearly says he volition not do that — he will know the "whole truth." His argument will contain truth but volition non contain illusions.
xi. Henry uses the discussion "promise" several times in this speech. Give an instance of an "illusion of promise" that Henry suggests in this second paragraph.
Ane illusion would exist the idea that the Colonies and Uk could negotiate an acceptable peace without war.
12. Allusions, unexplained references to other sources, are commonly based upon the Bible or mythology. What allusion does Henry utilise in judgement 9 when he says "listen to the vocal of that siren till she transforms us into beasts?" How does this allusion contribute to his statement?
He is alluding to the sirens constitute in the ballsy The Odyssey. Siren calls are alluring and hard to resist even if expected, merely they can be deadly. Henry is saying that to heed to this call, this "illusion of hope", even though it is tempting, will bear witness fatal and transform the Convention into something unable to reason and act (beasts).
13. Henry uses multiple biblical allusions with which his educated audition would be familiar. In judgement 11 he says "Are we disposed of the number of those who, having optics, see non, and, having ears, hear not." This is from Ezekiel 12:2, when god describes how those who hear Ezekiel'south words and practice non listen will be destroyed. How does this allusion contribute to Henry's argument?
Henry is implying that not seeing or listening to his statement will lead to destruction.
14. Juxtaposition means to put ii elements adjacent, often for comparison. Henry does this in sentences 11 and 12. What is his purpose in first asking if they are "disposed to… meet not, and… hear non" and then stating, "…I am willing to know the whole truth: to know the worst, and to provide for it"?
He again sets up a pick for his audience. Would they rather ignore the situation and take dangerous outcomes (this option is defined past the previous allusions to the sirens and Ezekiel) or instead know the truth and prepare? He conspicuously indicates that he chooses the second option.
(viii) Mr. President, information technology is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope. (9) We are apt to close our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. (x) Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and backbreaking struggle for freedom? (xi) Are nosotros disposed to be of the number of those who, having optics, meet not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly business organisation their temporal salvation? (12) For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst, and to provide for it.
Henry delivered his 1775 voice communication at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia.
Paragraph 3: Narratio and Confirmatio
Close Reading Questions
The Narratio contextualizes the argument, including presenting whatsoever groundwork information necessary, while the Confirmatio lays out in order the evidence to support the thesis. Henry lists several negotiation attempts by colonists and British responses. He uses rhetorical strategies and appeals to further develop his argument, making sure that each item is contextualized from the Colonial perspective.
15. Henry begins this paragraph with another Biblical allusion, "1 lamp past which my feet are guided" (Psalms 119:105). Rather than the give-and-take of God, which is the lamp found in the Biblical verse, what is the lamp that Henry uses to guide his feet in sentence xiii? Why does he make this connectedness?
The lamp is feel. Henry recounts past experiences and events that "guide his feet" and brand fighting a necessity.
sixteen. Henry continues to use "gentlemen" in this paragraph. Why?
He wants to maintain his respect for his audience and remind them that he is i of them. Every bit his argument builds he wants to have them along with him — reiterating the fact that they are esteemed colleagues.
17. What does "solace" mean? Why does Henry utilize this term?
"Solace" means comfort in distress. Henry cautions his audience that the "hopes" of the past may take been used to comfort the Convention, simply such comfort is an illusion and will not last.
18. Henry uses parallelism (structuring phrases in similar mode) several times in this paragraph. Consider judgement 40, especially the verbs. How does Henry utilise both parallelism and verb pick (diction) to explain that the Colonies accept tried many steps to maintain peace?
"We have petitioned; we take remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated; [we] have implored…" He uses the parallel structure to indicate the process by which the Colonies have taken multiple steps to resolve differences. He chooses verbs that are increasingly dramatic to remind his audience that the Colonies take tried everything without effect. Consider "petition" (to bring written grievances) versus "remonstrate" (to forcefully protest) versus "supplicate" (to beg earnestly or humbly) versus "prostrate" (to totally submit) versus "implore" (to beg desperately).
19. In the second paragraph Henry spoke of the "illusions of hope." In sentence 43 he says, "There is no longer any room for hope." Why did he apply this term again?
He is linking this role of his statement to the exordium and explaining that any chance of hope no longer exists. He is moving his audience away from the position of illusive hope that they may have held at the beginning of his speech communication toward some other position.
20. Henry again makes a Biblical allusion in sentence 18, "Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss." Christ was betrayed by his disciple Judas through the buss of alliance, which led to Christ'due south arrest and crucifixion (Luke 22:47). Who does Henry believe represents Judas and how does this innuendo as a metaphor contribute to Henry's statement?
He believes the British correspond Judas and that while they will announced brotherly to the Colonies they volition betray, leading to Colonial downfall.
21. Antithesis means to put two ideas together in order to contrast them, pointing out their differences. In sentence 20, what does Henry dissimilarity with "beloved and reconciliation"? What is the issue?
He contrasts them with "fleets and armies." The issue is to highlight the fact that Great United kingdom does not consider "love and reconciliation" a feasible strategy, since they have responded with "fleets and armies," and these should be "the last arguments to which kings resort." Henry emphasizes that Great Britain has already taken the matter by the diplomatic phase to the military level.
22. Hypophora is a special type of rhetorical question whereby a question is asked and then answered by the speaker (every bit opposed to a typical rhetorical question, which is either not answered or has a yes/no answer). A hypophora is useful to present to an audience bug they may non have considered in depth. Find at least one example of hypophora in this paragraph and explain its contribution to Henry'due south argument.
Some possibilities follow:
- "Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of dear and reconciliation?" "These are the implements of war; the last arguments to which kings resort." (sentences 20 and 23). Henry emphasizes the seriousness of the military response that Not bad Britain has already displayed.
- "Has United kingdom whatever enemy, in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies?" "No, sir, she has none. They are meant for u.s.a.; they can be meant for no other." (sentences 26 and 27). Henry points out that the British war machine response cannot be interpreted every bit anything other than a direct challenge to the Colonies.
- "And what take nosotros to oppose to them? Shall we endeavour argument?" "Sir, nosotros have been trying that for the last ten years." (sentences 30, 31, and 32). Henry reminds his audience that the Colonies have been trying to negotiate for 10 years without results.
23. Henry first mentions slavery in paragraph one when he contrasts it with liberty. Discover an case of slave imagery in this paragraph. What is Henry's purpose in using this image in paragraph 3?
In sentence 29 Henry states, "They [the armies and fleets] are sent over to demark and rivet upon us those bondage which the British ministry have been so long forging." He wishes to continue the prototype of slavery to explain that the Colonies have used argument to combat the attempts of the British to enslave them, simply these efforts have failed. Convention delegates included slaveholders who would recognize and recoil from this imagery.
24. Rhetorical parenthesis is the insertion into a sentence of an explanatory give-and-take or phrase. Consider judgement 42, "In vain, later these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation." Place the parenthesis and Henry'southward purpose for including information technology.
The parenthesis is "after these things," and Henry is referring to the Colonies' attempts at reconciliation. Past using the parenthesis he connects those failed attempts to the end of the "hope of peace and reconciliation."
25. Metonomy and synecdoche are special types of metaphors. In a metonomy, something strongly associated with an chemical element is substituted for it (for instance, "The White Business firm" is substituted for "the President"). In a synecdoche, function of an element substitutes for the whole (for example, "farm hands" ways "farm laborers"). Find an example of metonomy and synecdoche in this paragraph and place what each represents.
"The foot of the throne" (sentence 41) is metonomy, representing the Rex. "Tyrannical easily of the ministry building and Parliament" (sentence 40) is synecdoche, representing the British government.
26. Henry finishes this paragraph with an appeal to logic in the course of an "if… then" argument. What is the "if… then" statement in this paragraph?
He states in sentence 44, "If we wish to be gratis… [and then] nosotros must fight"!
27. Henry builds to a syllogistic statement, an appeal to logic, at the end of this paragraph. Identify the iii parts of his syllogism (Major premise [A], Minor premise [B], and Conclusion), citing testify from the text.
- Major premise [A]: We must either talk or fight to achieve results.
- Small-scale premise [B]: Talking does non accomplish results.
- Determination: Therefore, we must fight to achieve results.
For more information virtually syllogisms, encounter Understanding Syllogisms
28. In this paragraph Henry uses emotional appeals, language intended to create an emotional response from the audience. Choose three examples of emotional linguistic communication from extract 3. You may choose words, phrases, imagery, or other language elements. For each of your examples explain how they are intended to arouse Henry'due south audience.
Answers volition vary.
(xiii) I have but 1 lamp past which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp of experience. (fourteen) I know of no style of judging of the future but by the past. (15) And judging by the past, I wish to know what in that location has been in the carry of the British ministry for the last ten years, to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves, and the House? (xvi) Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? (17) Trust it non, sir; information technology volition show a snare to your feet. (18) Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a osculation. (xix) Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with these war-like preparations which encompass our waters and darken our land. (20) Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? (21) Accept we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled, that force must be called in to win back our beloved? (22) Permit united states not deceive ourselves, sir. (23) These are the implements of war and subjugation; the terminal arguments to which kings resort. (24) I ask, gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its purpose be non to strength us to submission? (25) Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? (26) Has Great United kingdom whatever enemy, in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? (27) No, sir, she has none. (28) They are meant for the states; they tin can exist meant for no other. (29) They are sent over to bind and rivet upon united states of america those chains which the British ministry has been so long forging. (30) And what accept we to oppose to them? (31) Shall we try argument? (32) Sir, we take been trying that for the last 10 years. (33) Take we anything new to offer upon the subject? (34) Nothing. (35) We have held the subject up in every calorie-free of which information technology is capable; but it has been all in vain. (36) Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? (37) What terms shall we find which have non been already exhausted? (38) Permit u.s.a. not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves. (39) Sir, we have done everything that could exist done, to avert the storm which is now coming on. (40) We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves earlier the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. (41) Our petitions take been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and nosotros have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the throne. (42) In vain, after these things, may we indulge the addicted promise of peace and reconciliation. (43) There is no longer any room for hope. (44) If nosotros wish to be free, if nosotros mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending, if nosotros mean non basely to carelessness the noble struggle in which we accept been and then long engaged, and which we accept pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained, we must fight! (45) I repeat it, sir, we must fight! (46) An appeal to arms and to the God of Hosts is all that is left us!
Patrick Henry'due south "Treason" voice communication before the House of Burgesses on May xxx, 1765.
Paragraph 4: Refutatio
Close Reading Questions
29. The refutatio presents and refutes counter arguments. In paragraph 4 Henry uses procatalepsis, an argumentative strategy that anticipates an objection and so answers it. What argument does he anticipate and what two rhetorical strategies does he use to refute it?
He anticipates the argument that the Colonies are too weak to fight. He answers information technology through tonal shifts and appeals.
thirty. Henry shifts tone in the beginning of this paragraph to irony, the use of language that conveys the opposite of the intended significant. How does he convey a ironic tone? Cite prove from the text.
He uses ironic rhetorical questions — questions that convey the opposite of what he attempts to argue. Examples include "Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house" and the 2 questions that follow it (sentences l, 51, and 52).
31. How does Henry shift from a ironic tone dorsum to his urgent argument? Cite prove from the text.
He inserts appeals to ethos, logos, and pathos. He appeals to ethos in judgement 53 by saying "nosotros are not weak if we make a proper apply of those ways which the God of nature hath placed in our power." In sentence 54 he appeals to Logos and pathos by citing "three millions of people (logos) armed in the holy cause of freedom (pathos), and in such a land every bit that which we possess (pathos, patriotism)."
32. In sentence 58, what does Henry mean by "nosotros have no ballot"?
He means there is no selection just to fight.
33. Almost of the British military action to this indicate had occurred in and around Boston. How does Henry attempt to connect the fate of Virginia to that of Boston, and why would he wish to make this connexion?
He uses the possessive pronoun "our" when discussing the chains, even though the clanking is heard is Boston. This addresses one of the objections made by southern colonies to taking up arms against the British — that the "problem" was centered in Massachusetts, not Virginia.
34. Asyndeton is a serial of phrases or words with conjunctions deleted. Find an example of asyndeton in this paragraph. What is its purpose?
An example is in judgement 57, "the vigilant, the active, the dauntless." Henry uses this to emphasize the positive qualities of those who will take upwards the battle.
35. Discover an example of Henry'south return to an image of slavery at the end of this paragraph. What is the purpose of returning to this metaphor yet once more?
In sentences 61 and 62 he states, "Our chains are forged! Their clanking may exist heard on the plains of Boston!" He challenges his audience with the fact that they are already enslaved and implies that they must themselves remove the bondage. His utilize of pronouns reinforces the thought that the chains heard in Boston are likewise the chains of Virginians. (The mention of Boston virtually probably refers to the Intolerable Acts and their enforcement.)
(47) They tell united states of america, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with then formidable an adversary. (48) Just when shall we exist stronger? (49) Volition it be the adjacent week, or the adjacent year? (50) Volition it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall exist stationed in every business firm? (51) Shall we assemble strength past irresolution and inaction? (52) Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance, by lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall accept bound u.s.a. paw and foot? (53) Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper utilise of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. (54) Iii millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible past whatsoever force which our enemy can send against us. (55) Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. (56) In that location is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations; and who volition heighten upwards friends to fight our battles for us. (57) The battle, sir, is not to the stiff alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. (58) Also, sir, nosotros accept no election. (59) If we were base plenty to want it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. (60) There is no retreat simply in submission and slavery! (61) Our chains are forged! (62) Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! (63) The war is inevitable and permit information technology come up! (64) I repeat information technology, sir, let it come up.
Paragraph 5: Peroratio
Close Reading Questions
36. The Peroratio, or conclusion, has several purposes, including: to restate an statement, to amplify reasoning, to inspire an audience, and to rouse emotional responses. Cite an case from the text of each of these iv purposes.
- To restate: "Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace but there is no peace." (judgement 66)
- To dilate: "the war is actually begun" (judgement 67)
- To rouse: "Why stand we here idle?" (sentence 70)
- To inspire: "Requite me liberty or requite me death" (sentence 75)
37. What image does Henry use to convey that the battle has already begun?
He states in sentence 68, "the side by side gale… will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms."
38. In sentences 70 through 73, Henry uses a serial of questions which directly claiming his young man delegates. What is his purpose in asking these questions?
He wishes to inspire his colleagues to artillery, in order to avoid the "bondage and slavery."
39. In judgement 75, probably the most famous judgement from this speech, Henry uses antithesis to set up a clear dissimilarity. What does he contrast? What is the effect of this contrast?
He contrasts liberty and death, last that without liberty death is preferable.
forty. Sententia, especially useful in speeches, is an argumentative device that uses sound to sum up an argument. What is the sententia in this speech?
"Give me liberty or give me death!"
41. How does Henry'due south final statement, "Give me liberty or give me death" stand for the backbone of both Henry and his audition?
Henry states that he is willing to endure a traitor'southward decease rather than exist denied liberty. This was an either/or choice with zip in between, and a traitor's decease was quite likely if the patriot efforts failed. This indicates the courage that Henry displays by making the oral communication and by implication he recognizes the courage that will be necessary for his fellow delegates to take activity.
(65) Information technology is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. (66) Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace but there is no peace. (67) The war is actually begun! (68) The next gale that sweeps from the n will bring to our ears the disharmonism of resounding arms! (69) Our brethren are already in the field! (seventy) Why stand we here idle? (71) What is information technology that gentlemen wish? (72) What would they accept? (73) Is life then dear, or peace so sweet, as to exist purchased at the cost of chains and slavery? (74) Forbid it, Almighty God! (75) I know not what course others may take; only equally for me, give me liberty or give me death!
Follow-Up Assignment
How might the format of the Henry speech utilize to current events, especially in countries and regions of political unrest? If at that place had been social media in 1775 would this speech accept been interpreted differently? Investigate the office of social media in the Arab Spring (2012) or other current events every bit directed by your teacher and and then rewrite this spoken communication for a social media platform. Share your results with your class.
Vocabulary Popular-Ups
- entertaining: thinking
- moment: importance
- magnitude: greatness
- revere: highly respect
- indulge: yield to desire
- arduous: very difficult
- temporal: worldly
- anguish: great distress
- solace: comfort
- insidious: deceitful
- snare: trap
- petition: formal request
- comports: agrees with
- implements: tools
- subjugation: enslavement
- martial assortment: warlike display
- rivet: fasten firmly
- entreaty: earnest request
- supplication: meek request
- beseech: to entreatment urgently
- avert: prevent
- remonstrated: forcefully protested
- prostrated: totally submitted
- implored: begged desperately
- interposition: influence
- tyrannical: unjustly cruel
- slighted: ignored
- spurned: rejected
- in vain: without effect
- inviolate: undisturbed
- inestimable: priceless
- contending: competing
- basely: dishonorably
- formidable: powerful
- adversary: enemy
- irresolution: indecision
- effectual: effective
- supinely: passively
- delusive: misleading
- phantom: ghost
- invincible: cannot be defeated
- vigilant: always alert
- election: choice
- forged: made
- extenuate: stretch out
- gale: strong wind
- resounding: echoing loudly
- brethren: brothers
Text:
- Patrick Henry, oral communication to the Virginia Convention, 1775. http://avalon.police force.yale.edu/18th_century/patrick.asp
Images:
- George Matthews, "Patrick Henry, half-length portrait." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Sectionalisation Washington, D.C. http://world wide web.loc.gov/pictures/resource/det.4a26383/ [accessed Baronial 2015]
- "Patrick Henry on the George Washington equestrian statue at Capitol Foursquare, Richmond, Virginia." http://www.richmond.com/image_d0936222-3d78-11e2-9cd8-001a4bcf6878.html [accessed September 2015]
- "Saint John's Church building, Richmond, Virginia, where Patrick Henry delivered his famous oral communication." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.34917/ [accessed August 2015]
- Peter F. Rothermel, "Patrick Henry'southward 'Treason' speech earlier the House of Burgesses," 1851. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry#/media/File:Patrick_Henry_Rothermel.jpg [accessed August 2015]
- "'Requite me liberty, or give me decease!' Patrick Henry delivering his great speech on the rights of the colonies, earlier the Virginia Associates, convened at Richmond, March 23rd 1775, concluding with the above sentiment, which became the war cry of the revolution." Lithograph. New York: Published by Currier & Ives, c1876. http://world wide web.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b50326/ [accessed September 2015]
Source: https://americainclass.org/patrick-henry-give-me-liberty/
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